Fatima Sadiqi & Moha Ennaji
Introduction

Youssef Tahiri, Noureddine Chenfour et Mostafa Harti
Modélisation à Objets d'une Base de Données Morphologique pour La Langue Arabe

Ahmad Sakrana
The Compound Numerals 11-19 in ςabady Arabic

Mohamed Khalil Ennassiri
Merge, Move and Economy Conditions

Fatima Sadiqi
La Standardisation des Structures Grammaticales des Phrases Complexes en Amazighe

Jan Jaap De Ruiter
A Language Profile of Fassi Students

Abdeljalil Naoui Khir
Non-Polite Uses of Polite Formulas

Mohamed Benali
Boussemghoum: Etude Empirique d'une communauté Berbérophone au Sud Ouest Algérien

Moha Ennaji
Multilinguilisme, Genre et Migration au Maroc

Abstract

    This fourteenth edition of the international journal Languages and et Linguistics gathers a number of articles which deal with important issues relating to the theoretical and applied linguistics aspects of Arabic and Amazighe (Berber). The theoretical level covers the domains of syntax, morphology, and phonology and the applied aspect covers sociolinguistics.
    Youssef Tahir, Noureddine Chenfour et Mostafa Harti’s article is about the conception of a morphological database for Arabic language, which could be used for the realization of different Arabic language processing systems. They present a detailed description of the architecture of our database organization based on the UML diagram modeling. This organization allowed us to obtain a nearly-exhaustive database with a small number of components.

     This study investigates the morphology and phonology of the compound numerals, ‘eleven’ through ‘nineteen’, in ςabady Arabic (ςA), a Bedouin dialect spoken in the central parts of Jordan. Compound numerals have not been studied yet in ςA, in particular, and in other Bedouin Jordanian dialects, in general. It sheds light on the morphological structure of the compound numerals, their phonological aspects, and on one of the most interesting phenomena in the phonology of Bedouin Arabic dialects. That is, the complete change of the voiceless dental stop /t/ at the end of the first part of the compound numerals 13-19 into the voiceless dental emphatic stop [t]. Although slight reference is made to this phenomenon (Palva 1980, Palva 1984, Rosenhouse 1982), neither a phonological analysis nor any account is given.
In this article, I illustrate the morphological features of the compound numerals and study their phonological behavior. I also argue that the complete assimilation of /t/ into emphatic [t] is a result of a [+emphatic] feature that spreads leftward from the emphatic /r/ of /ςašar/ ‘ten’, the head of the compound, to the marker /-t/ at the end of the first part of the compound numerals 13-19, changing it to an emphatic [t]. The analysis is made within the framework of Autosegmental Phonology. Evidence is also given against the assumption of Palva (1980) that this change is triggered by the pharyngeal /ς/ of the head /ςašar/. 

    This article examines the various applications of the operation Merge to a number of Standard Arabic syntactic structures. The analysis is carried out within the Minimalist framework of Chomsky (1995). The overall thrust of the article resides in the fact that it underlines some of the salient challenges that Standard Arabic presents to the Minimalist framework. VSO constructions in this language, for example, need to posit an empty pronominal expletive pro in their Spec TP position because the latter is a non-theta position in this language and it is only at LF that this pro is replaced by its associate, namely the thematic subject sitting in the Spec AGRsP position.

    This article presents data from a sociolinguistic study among 569 students in Moroccan higher educational institutions and private schools. A key element in this study is the assessment of the language profile of those Moroccan youngsters that succeeded in completing all the phases of primary and secondary education and in entering higher education or having finished it. It is those youngsters that have undergone education in a country that formally advocates the Arabicization of its educational system but that allows at the same time a very strong presence of the French language. The article presents the language profiles of the 51 students from Fes that participated in the research. It shows that within this group there is a strong variation regarding proficiency in Arabic and French and in the use of these languages and the attitudes of the Fassi students towards the dialectal and literary varieties of Arabic.

     The purpose of this article is to show that polite formulas, which are generally used in interpersonal exchanges as universal phenomena of politeness, have characteristics that make them culture-specific. This is indicated by their peculiar distribution and the range of meanings attributed to them, as well as the social and religious connotations they carry. In the second part of this article, I investigate the other side of the coin characterizing them; namely, their displaced use. Here, I discuss their metaphorical use in criticism and irony, where the clash between the polite formula and its context of use may eradicate its politeness aspect. Given that this special use of polite formulas makes them displaced with regard to politeness, I have avoided calling them ‘impolite’ and opted for assigning them a new status, which I have dubbed ‘non-polite’. I partly base my argument on the relationship between the meaning and use of these formulas, and partly on the evaluative value distinguishing the prefixed ‘im-’ and ‘non-’ suffixes.
   Greetings, farewells, good wishes, thanks, and other interpersonal exchanges made between individuals in their everyday encounters or on some occasions like ceremonies or condolences, have been termed by Ferguson (1979), ‘polite formulas’. Though these may be universal as phenomena, their structure, domain of use and value are culture-specific, as is shown below.
    One aspect of politeness in Moroccan culture is the wish to sound humble by assigning superiority to the other. For example, to encourage someone to make a request is polite and to do this politely, one is likely to use the imperative expression / ?amr / (order (me)), meaning that ‘ your request will be taken as an order and not simply as a request since to be polite I should consider you as superior to me and the request issued as an order.’
    Another aspect of Moroccan politeness is to show concern for others by indicating and showing that their joys or sorrows are also ours, that their ‘good’ deeds deserve encouragement and are also of some concern to us.
     Finally, politeness is also achieved by showing that any positive change, no matter how slight it may be, needs to be noticed, encouraged or positively wished for. This could be done through the offer of presents, as well as through the use of a range of polite formulas. Each polite formula is suitable for the opportunity(ies) or event(s) in question.

    This article presents a sociolingusitic study of an Amazigh variety spoken in the village of Boussemghoun, situated in South West Algeria. The analysis provided is based on an empirical appraoch with the aim of highlighting the lingusitic diversity and the multiple identities of the speakers of this variety. The Amazigh origin of Boussemghoun, its geographical situation, as well as its Zaouia-type tribal structure and history make of it an interesting topic of study. The analysis shows that the users of the Boussemghoun variety are very attached to both Amazigh and Arabic. This dual attachment explains their opposition to teaching Amazigh with the Latin alphabet ; they prefer the Arabic alphabet.